Live Note

Remain optimistic

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防抖

浏览器中有的事件触发非常频繁，如果在事件触发的时候就调用，这时就会不断地产生新的调用，导致变‘卡’。
防抖就是在某段时间间隔内，不调用函数，直到一段时间后不在再新的事件触发，再调用函数；或者是先调用函数，在一段时间间隔内继续触发不再重复调用函数。

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Factory

缺点：对象无法区分，所有的实例指向一个原型

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function Person(name) {
  let o = new Object()
  o.name = name
  o.getName = function () {
    return this.name
  }

  return o
}

let person = new Person("Edward")
console.log(person instanceof Person) // false
console.log(person instanceof Object) // true
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JavaScript 采用的是词法作用域（lexical scoping）

JavaScript 函数的作用域在函数定义的时候就确定了，所以实际使用的值与函数定义位置有关系。

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let value = 1

function foo() {
  console.log(value)
}

function bar() {
  let value = 2
  foo()
}

bar() // 1

上面这个例子中，foo函数中的value向上寻找为在全局定义的1，所以会打印出1。

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value=1

function foo(){
  echo $value
}

function bar() {
    local value=2
    foo
}
bar #2

而在bash中，由于是动态作用域，所以会打印出2。

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先行断言

  • lookahead assertion：x在y之前才匹配，格式为/x(?=y)/
  • negative lookahead assertion：只有x不在y之前才匹配，格式为/x(?!y)/
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let str = 'now is 02:11:44'

/\d+(?=:)/.exec(str) // ['02']
/\d+(?!\.)/.exec(str) // ['0']
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ES2017 新增

padStart(), padEnd()

字符串补全功能，接受两个参数，如果第二个参数为空，则默认使用空格补全。

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// fill with the template
"12".padStart(3, "000") // '012'
"12".padEnd(3, "000") // '120'

// fill with space
"12".padStart(4) // '  12'

ES2019 新增

trimStart(), trimEnd()

与String.trim()的行为一致，不会修改原字符串。

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let str = "    string    "

// str.trimLeft()
str.trimStart() // 'string    '

// str.trimRight()
str.trimEnd() // '    string'

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绘制过程

  1. 执行 Vertex Shader，配置顶点。
  2. 调用gl.drawArrays()，装配图形。
  3. 光栅化，将图形转换为 Fragment。
  4. 执行 Fragment Shader。

代码实现

使用varying标识符

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const vShaderSource = `
    attribute vec4 a_Position;
    attribute vec4 a_Color;
    varying vec4 v_Color;
    void main() {
        gl_Position = a_Position;
        gl_PointSize = 10.0;
        v_Color = a_Color;
    }
`

const fShaderSource = `
    precision mediump float;
    varying vec4 v_Color;
    void main() {
        gl_FragColor = v_Color;
    }
`

const main = () => {
  const gl = document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext("webgl")
  if (!initShaders(gl, vShaderSource, fShaderSource)) return

  let n = initVertexBuffers(gl)
  if (n < 0) return

  gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 1)
  gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)

  // gl.drawArrays(gl.LINE_LOOP, 0, n);
  gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, n)
}

const initVertexBuffers = (gl) => {
  let verticesColor = new Float32Array([
    // [x, y, r, g, b]
    0, 0.5, 1, 0, 0, -0.5, -0.5, 0, 1, 0, 0.5, -0.5, 0, 0, 1,
  ])
  let n = 3

  let vertexColorBuffer = gl.createBuffer()
  if (!vertexColorBuffer) return -1
  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexColorBuffer)
  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesColor, gl.STATIC_DRAW)

  const SIZE = verticesColor.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT
  let a_Position = gl.getAttribLocation(gl.program, "a_Position")
  let a_Color = gl.getAttribLocation(gl.program, "a_Color")

  gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_Position, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, SIZE * 5, 0)
  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_Position)

  gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_Color, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, SIZE * 5, SIZE * 2)
  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_Color)

  return n
}

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绘制流程

  1. 计算变换后的位置坐标。
  2. 清空画板。
  3. 绘制
  4. 循环 1-3 操作。

代码实现

使用库函数简化数学计算

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const vShaderSource = `
    attribute vec4 a_Position;
    uniform mat4 u_ModelMatrix;
    void main() {
        gl_Position = u_ModelMatrix * a_Position;
    }
`

const fShaderSource = `
    void main() {
        gl_FragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    }
`

const main = () => {
  const gl = document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext("webgl")
  if (!initShaders(gl, vShaderSource, fShaderSource)) reutrn

  let n = initVertexBuffers(gl)
  if (n < 0) return

  gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 1)

  rotating(gl, n, 360)
}

const rotating = (gl, n, ANGLE_STEP = 30) => {
  let currentAngle = 0
  let modelMatrix = new Matrix4()
  let u_ModelMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(gl.program, "u_ModelMatrix")

  let tick = function () {
    currentAngle = animate(currentAngle, ANGLE_STEP)
    draw(gl, n, currentAngle, modelMatrix, u_ModelMatrix)
    requestAnimationFrame(tick)
  }
  tick()
}

const draw = (gl, n, currentAngle, modelMatrix, u_ModelMatrix) => {
  modelMatrix.setRotate(currentAngle, 0, 0, 1) // Set rotation matrix.
  // modelMatrix.translate(0.5, 0, 0);
  gl.uniformMatrix4fv(u_ModelMatrix, false, modelMatrix.elements)
  gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) // Clear canvas.
  gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, n) // Draw triangle.
}

let g_last = Date.now()

/**
 * Get the new angle.
 * @param currentAngle {number}
 * @param ANGLE_STEP {number}
 * @returns {number}
 */
const animate = (currentAngle, ANGLE_STEP) => {
  let now = Date.now()
  let temp = now - g_last
  g_last = now
  return (currentAngle + (ANGLE_STEP * temp) / 1000) % 360
}

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WebGL 中的矩阵是列主序的。

平移变换

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const vShaderSource = `
    attribute vec4 a_Position;
    uniform mat4 u_xFormMatrix;
    void main() {
        gl_Position = u_xFormMatrix * a_Position;
    }
`

const fShaderSource = `
    void main() {
        gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    }
`

const Tx = 0.5,
  Ty = 0.2,
  Tz = 0

function main() {
  const gl = document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext("webgl")
  if (!initShaders(gl, vShaderSource, fShaderSource)) reutrn

  let n = initVertexBuffers(gl)
  if (n < 0) return

  let xFormMatrix = new Float32Array([
    1.0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    1.0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    1.0,
    0,
    Tx,
    Ty,
    Tz,
    1.0,
  ])
  let u_xFormMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(gl.program, "u_xFormMatrix")
  gl.uniformMatrix4fv(u_xFormMatrix, false, xFormMatrix)

  gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
  gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)

  gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, n)
}
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旋转原理

将 WebGL 坐标系转为极坐标，然后通过角度计算得出旋转后的左标位置。
旋转矩阵：

$$
\begin{bmatrix}
x’ \
y’ \
z’ \
1 \
\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \beta & -\sin \beta & 0 & 0 \
\sin \beta & \cos \beta & 0 & 0 \
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \
\end{bmatrix} ×
\begin{bmatrix}
x \
y \
z \
1 \
\end{bmatrix}
$$

代码实现

使用u_SinBCosB存放SinB与CosB。

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/**
 * 2d rotate
 * x' = x * cosB - y * sinB
 * y' = x * sinB + y * cosB
 * z' = z
 */
const vShaderSource = `
    attribute vec4 a_Position;
    uniform vec2 u_SinBCosB;
    void main() {
        gl_Position.x = a_Position.x * u_SinBCosB.y - a_Position.y * u_SinBCosB.x;
        gl_Position.y = a_Position.x * u_SinBCosB.x + a_Position.y * u_SinBCosB.y;
        gl_Position.z = a_Position.z;
        gl_Position.w = 1.0;
    }
`

const fShaderSource = `
    void main() {
        gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    }
`

let ANGLE = 30.0

function main() {
  const gl = document.querySelector("#canvas").getContext("webgl")
  if (!initShaders(gl, vShaderSource, fShaderSource)) return

  let n = initVertexBuffers(gl)
  if (n < 0) return

  let radian = (Math.PI * ANGLE) / 180.0 // Transform to radian.
  let SinB = Math.sin(radian)
  let CosB = Math.cos(radian)

  let u_SinBCosB = gl.getUniformLocation(gl.program, "u_SinBCosB")

  gl.uniform2f(u_SinBCosB, SinB, CosB)

  gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
  gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)

  gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, n)
}

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位移原理

与在普通的坐标系中一样，只需在需要位移的坐标位置加入相应的矢量即可。
(x1, y1, z1, w1) + (x2, y2, z2, w2) -> (x1 + x2, y1 + y2, z1 + z2, w1 + w2)
平移矩阵：

$$
\begin{bmatrix}
x’ \
y’ \
z’ \
1
\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & Tx \
0 & 1 & 0 & Ty \
0 & 0 & 1 & Tz \
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \
\end{bmatrix} ×
\begin{bmatrix}
x \
y \
z \
1 \
\end{bmatrix}
$$

代码实现

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// position = P + ▲P
const vShaderSource = `
    attribute vec4 a_Position;
    uniform vec4 u_Translation;
    void main() {
        gl_Position = a_Position + u_Translation;
    }
`

const fShaderSource = `
    void main() {
        gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
    }
`

// Displacement
const Tx = 0.4,
  Ty = -0.2,
  Tz = 0.3
Tw = 0.0

function main() {
  const gl = document.querySelector('#canvas').getContext('webgl')

  if (!initShaders(gl, vShaderSource, fShaderSource)) return

  let n = initVertexBuffers(gl)
  if (n < 0) return

  let u_Translation = gl.getUniformLocation(gl.program, 'u_Translation')
  gl.uniform4f(u_Translation, Tx, Ty, Tz, Tw)

  gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
  gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)

  gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, n)
}

function initVertexBuffers(gl) {
  let vertices = new Float32Array([0.0, 0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, -0.5])
  let n = vertices.length / 2

  let vertexBuffer = gl.createBuffer()
  if (!vertexBuffer) {
    console.log('failed to create buffer')
    return -1
  }

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexBuffer)
  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices, gl.STATIC_DRAW)

  let a_Position = gl.getAttribLocation(gl.program, 'a_Position')

  gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_Position, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0)
  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_Position)

  return n
}